Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
 2009
DOI: 10.1037/a0015141
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Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations.

Jesse Graham
1
,
Jonathan Haidt
2
,
Brian A. Nosek
3

Abstract: How and why do moral judgments vary across the political spectrum? To test moral foundations theory (J. Haidt & J. Graham, 2007; J. Haidt & C. Joseph, 2004), the authors developed several ways to measure people's use of 5 sets of moral intuitions: Harm/care, Fairness/reciprocity, Ingroup/loyalty, Authority/respect, and Purity/sanctity. Across 4 studies using multiple methods, liberals consistently showed greater endorsement and use of the Harm/care and Fairness/reciprocity foundations compared to the other 3 f… Show more

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Cited by 4,422 publications

(5,105 citation statements)
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References 102 publications

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“…So conceptualized, the prediction of MFT is that "[e]veryone-left, right, and center-cares about proportion-ality…But conservatives care more, and they rely on the Fairness foundation more heavily-once fairness is restricted to proportionality" (Haidt 2012, 213). This prediction contrasts with earlier work in MFT which suggested that the fairness foundation will be primarily associated with those on the left than on the right (Graham, Haidt, and Nosek 2009). However, even if the items developed in Clifford et al (2015) more closely correspond to the notion of proportionality, then our results still challenge the claims of MFT, as we show that there is no systematic relationship 12 Respondents in the United States select from {Strongly Liberal, Liberal, Slightly Liberal, Moderate, Slightly Conservative, Conservative, Strongly Conservative}.…”
Section: Resultscontrasting
confidence: 99%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
show abstract
“…So conceptualized, the prediction of MFT is that "[e]veryone-left, right, and center-cares about proportion-ality…But conservatives care more, and they rely on the Fairness foundation more heavily-once fairness is restricted to proportionality" (Haidt 2012, 213). This prediction contrasts with earlier work in MFT which suggested that the fairness foundation will be primarily associated with those on the left than on the right (Graham, Haidt, and Nosek 2009). However, even if the items developed in Clifford et al (2015) more closely correspond to the notion of proportionality, then our results still challenge the claims of MFT, as we show that there is no systematic relationship 12 Respondents in the United States select from {Strongly Liberal, Liberal, Slightly Liberal, Moderate, Slightly Conservative, Conservative, Strongly Conservative}.…”
Section: Resultscontrasting
confidence: 99%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
show abstract
“…Thus, this study demonstrates this relationship longitudinally, robustly supporting the economic competition mechanisms, filling the theoretical and empirical gaps that most studies relying on cross-sectional dataset left. On the other hand, contrary to previous work (e.g., Graham et al 2009), we observe that it is individuals with more left-leaning views towards a government's role in society who experience a stronger negative effect of immigration on their attitudes, while right-leaning individuals hold relatively stable attitudes towards immigrants. Yet, this finding is present in both the UK and Japan and exists across several indicators of leftright position on government attitudes.…”
Section: Resultscontrasting
confidence: 99%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
show abstract
“…Finally, contrary to the predictions of the CAD model, we found no significant correlation between MFQ-S—Graham et al’s (2009) validated measure of individual sensitivity to sanctity/purity concerns, regarded as a reconceptualization of Shweder et al’s (1997) divinity ethic—and core-set divinity—original oral inhibition response ( r = .015, p = .88); on the other hand, we did find a significant, moderately strong correlation between MFQ-S and core-set divinity—original retaliatory response ( r = .30, p < .002). The two correlations differed significantly from each other ( z = 2.25; p = .02).…”
Section: Resultscontrasting
confidence: 99%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
show abstract
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