The Impacts of Neighborhoods on Intergenerational Mobility I: Childhood Exposure Effects*

“…However, for newcomers who have lived in the neighborhood for less than 5 years, the neighborhood effect on their children's educational performance completely disappears. These findings further highlight the importance of neighborhood exposure in shaping children's educational outcomes, aligning with existing literature (Chetty et al, 2016; Chetty and Hendren, 2018).…”

“…Our findings are consistent with existing studies who document the positive role of neighborhood to children's education outcomes and outline the importance of exposure effect (Chetty and Hendren, 2018; Chetty et al, 2016; Laliberté, 2021; Nakamura et al, 2022). Our results also complement existing studies from Western contexts, by expanding our understanding to the neighborhood effect to high‐density, urban East Asian setting.…”

“…By showing that exposure of young girls to group crime manifests itself through teenage motherhood rather than through criminal activity itself, our results support observational evidence in the epidemiological literature that contacts with group members increase the risk of teenage birth for adolescent girls (see, e.g., Minnis et al, 2008;Sanders et al, 2009;Miller et al, 2012;Dickson-Gomez et al, 2017). Moreover, they add to a recent literature that emphasises exposure to better neighbourhoods during childhood having long-lasting positive effects on earnings, employment and teenage birth rates (Chetty et al, 2016;Chetty and Hendren, 2018a;Chyn, 2018;Deutscher, 2020), by highlighting group crime as a particularly harmful neighbourhood characteristic that results, not only in higher crime rates among young men and higher teenage pregnancy rates among young women, but also in poorer economic outcomes during early adulthood. Other municipality characteristics seem to play a lesser role, although there is some pattern that suggests that detrimental neighbourhood conditions, such as poverty or lower employment, have some impact on teenage pregnancy rates.…”

“…The nonsignificant association between neighborhood characteristics and limited health literacy aligns with prior research, showing that past neighborhood characteristics have a greater impact on health literacy, genetic knowledge, and upward mobility than current neighborhood characteristics (Bather et al, 2023; Chetty et al, 2016, 2020; Chetty & Hendren, 2018). The present study assessed neighborhood factors using self-reported zip codes.…”