Learned Publishing
 2023
DOI: 10.1002/leap.1544
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How to improve scientific peer review: Four schools of thought

Ludo Waltman
1
,
Wolfgang Kaltenbrunner
2
,
Stephen Pinfield
3
et al.

Abstract: Peer review plays an essential role as one of the cornerstones of the scholarly publishing system. There are many initiatives that aim to improve the way in which peer review is organized, resulting in a highly complex landscape of innovation in peer review. Different initiatives are based on different views on the most urgent challenges faced by the peer review system, leading to a diversity of perspectives on how the system can be improved. To provide a more systematic understanding of the landscape of innov… Show more

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Cited by 53 publications

(27 citation statements)
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“…Although medical education journal editors may adopt varying approaches and emphases for making space, reflecting differing journals' priorities and goals, our data suggest they are committed to capacity building in some form. Our findings align with work in the broader scholarly literature on peer-review practices, 56 which identified coexisting schools of thought guiding journal efforts to reform editorial and peer-review processes. These schools of thought have different foci (e.g., quality or transparency) and imply differing views of what constitutes a valuable and valid contribution to academic literature, which involves complementarities as well as tensions.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 81%
“…Research on the landscape of innovation in scientific peer review suggests that these initiatives will be shaped by different schools of thought. 56 Our work adds to this argument by demonstrating that a journal's niche may influence the school of thought editors bring to bear on innovation.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 87%
“…Given that the careers of researchers are closely tied to scholarly publication and the necessity of peer review to support scholarly publication, it may be necessary to consider how to promote and reward meaningful peer reviews and make the process more efficient. 56,57 Furthermore, if scholarship is to address inequities that extend beyond journal boundaries, publishing systems that recognize and reward collaborative approaches across publishers, regions, and languages may need exploration. Finally, we may find value in identifying alternative mechanisms for scholarly dissemination and advocate for their inclusion in faculty promotion.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 2 more Smart Citations
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
show abstract
“…Although medical education journal editors may adopt varying approaches and emphases for making space, reflecting differing journals' priorities and goals, our data suggest they are committed to capacity building in some form. Our findings align with work in the broader scholarly literature on peer-review practices, 56 which identified coexisting schools of thought guiding journal efforts to reform editorial and peer-review processes. These schools of thought have different foci (e.g., quality or transparency) and imply differing views of what constitutes a valuable and valid contribution to academic literature, which involves complementarities as well as tensions.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 81%
“…Research on the landscape of innovation in scientific peer review suggests that these initiatives will be shaped by different schools of thought. 56 Our work adds to this argument by demonstrating that a journal's niche may influence the school of thought editors bring to bear on innovation.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 87%
“…Given that the careers of researchers are closely tied to scholarly publication and the necessity of peer review to support scholarly publication, it may be necessary to consider how to promote and reward meaningful peer reviews and make the process more efficient. 56,57 Furthermore, if scholarship is to address inequities that extend beyond journal boundaries, publishing systems that recognize and reward collaborative approaches across publishers, regions, and languages may need exploration. Finally, we may find value in identifying alternative mechanisms for scholarly dissemination and advocate for their inclusion in faculty promotion.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
show abstract
“…Peer review does not work in isolation but links to scientific research, research data, publishing systems, and stakeholders. The adoption of the open peer review model can augment the accountability of peer reviewers, potentially mitigating reviewer bias towards specific authors while incentivising researchers to engage in peer review by increasing visibility for their contributions (Waltman et al 2023). Moreover, the peer review process increasingly includes the review of scientific data, with the types of data covered in journal scopes influencing data policies.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
show abstract
“…We used the four peer review schools of thought framework (Waltman et al, 2023) to explore how innovation and experimentation promoted by preprint review services can address the challenges of traditional journal-based peer review and provide possible solutions and future directions. Our analysis gave us insight into key issues, such as where the priorities of the different services lie and how they manage tensions between schools, reflecting different perspectives on how peer review can best be organised.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
show abstract
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