HDL Measures, Particle Heterogeneity, Proposed Nomenclature, and Relation to Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Events

“…Considering all the samples together, the mean radius measured by NMR was 4.6 [4.4–4.7] nm –expressed as median ± [25–75] – which is consistent with previously reported HDL mean sizes considering the relative abundances of large, medium and small HDL particles 19 23 24 . On the other hand, the derived mean radius from the Shen model (see Materials and Methods Eq.…”

“…The current study indicated that accompanied with decreased plasma TC, FC and HDL-C levels, the alterations of some representative proteins of SR-BI −/− HDL could be reversible, and anti-oxidative function was also improved by probucol treatment. These are in agreement with the other studies, that small, protein-enriched, cholesterol-depleted HDL particles are more effective in mediating cholesterol efflux, and with more potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic capacity [ 41 , 42 ]. The derived protein biomarkers in dysfunctional HDL may eventually help to exploit diagnostics targets and therapeutic strategies for HDL-related metabolic diseases.…”

“…The NMR functions were associated with a given lipoprotein subclass (large, medium and small VLDL, LDL or HDL) according to their NMR size. The mean particle diameter for the subclasses (and estimated ranges) were as follows: large VLDL particles (VLDL-Ps), 75.2 nm (>60 nm); medium VLDL-Ps, 52.1 nm (45–60 nm); small VLDL-Ps, 37.1 nm (35–45 nm); large LDL particles (LDL-Ps), 22.8 nm (22.5–27 nm); medium LDL-Ps, 20.5 nm (20–22.5 nm); small LDL-Ps 18.9 nm (18–20 nm); large HDL particles (HDL-Ps), 10.1 nm (9–13 nm); medium HDL-Ps, 8.7 nm (8.2–9 nm); small HDL-Ps, 7.8 nm (<8.2 nm) in agreement with previous literature [29,30,31]. The particle number of each main lipoprotein fraction was calculated by dividing the lipid volume by the particle volume of a given class.…”