Goal Activation, Expectations, and the Placebo Effect.

Geers, Andrew L.; Weiland, Paul E.; Kosbab, Kristin; Landry, Sarah J.; Helfer, Suzanne G.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.2.143

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

2005

DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.89.2.143

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Goal Activation, Expectations, and the Placebo Effect.

Andrew L. Geers

¹

,

Paul E. Weiland

²

,

Kristin Kosbab

³

et al.

Abstract: Motivational factors receive little attention in current theories of the placebo effect. Reasons for this position are reviewed, and an argument is made for reconsidering the influence of motivation on the placebo effect. The authors hypothesize that nonconscious goals alter reactions to a placebo expectation. Specifically, the authors predict that the placebo effect is most likely to occur when individuals have a goal that can be fulfilled by confirmation of the placebo expectation. The authors tested this no… Show more

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Cited by 166 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 130 publications

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“…In our studies, it seems that optimism also alters both placebo and nocebo effects. These results correspond with the views of some medical scholars that the same underlying mechanisms are responsible for placebo and nocebo effects [12,18,19,55,56]. Consistent with this view [21,58], we believe that the term placebo effect should be used to encompass both positive and nocebo effects [35].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Further evidence for individual differences in placebo responding: An interactionist perspective

Geers

¹

,

Kosbab

²

,

Helfer

³

et al. 2007

Journal of Psychosomatic Research

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Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.

“…In our studies, it seems that optimism also alters both placebo and nocebo effects. These results correspond with the views of some medical scholars that the same underlying mechanisms are responsible for placebo and nocebo effects [12,18,19,55,56]. Consistent with this view [21,58], we believe that the term placebo effect should be used to encompass both positive and nocebo effects [35].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Further evidence for individual differences in placebo responding: An interactionist perspective

Geers

¹

,

Kosbab

²

,

Helfer

³

et al. 2007

Journal of Psychosomatic Research

Self Cite

Get access via publisher Add to dashboard Cite

Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.

“…As higher scores on half of the items equated to less arousal (i.e., calm, relaxed, sluggish, lazy), the scoring for these items was reversed prior to computing the placebo-response index. These placebo-response items have been used successfully in prior caffeine—placebo studies (e.g., Geers et al 2005; Walach et al 2002) and the items demonstrated an acceptable level of internal consistency in the present study, α = .71. Finally, using a 1–7 scale (1 = not at all , 7 = very much ), participants also answered the self-reported attention question, “How closely did you pay attention to feelings and sensations that were caffeine-related?” ( M = 4.83, SD = 1.57).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 64%

Placebo expectations and the detection of somatic information

Geers

¹

,

Wellman

²

,

Fowler

³

et al. 2010

Self Cite

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Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.

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“…As noted by , the purchasers of the Shakti are likely to be highly suggestible, which may explain the success that this device has achieved. However, placebo responses are the product of a number of factors including multiple aspects of personality and gender (Thompson, 2000;Geers, et al, 2005;Enck, et al, 2008;Klosterhalfen & Enck, 2008;Price, et al, 2008;Hyland, 2011). In the present study, the role that such factors may play in relation to individual responses to the Shakti device was not specifically investigated, and therefore, this report cannot speak directly to the contribution that participant expectancies and individual personality factors may contribute to the effects of the Shakti.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Can the 8-Coil Shakti Alter Subjective Emotional Experience? A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study

Gendle¹,

McGrath²

2012

Get access via publisher Add to dashboard Cite

Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.

show abstract

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