Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
 2015
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1502829112
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Emergence of system roles in normative neurodevelopment

Shi Gu
1
,
Theodore D. Satterthwaite
2
,
John D. Medaglia
3
et al.

Abstract: Adult human cognition is supported by systems of brain regions, or modules, that are functionally coherent at rest and collectively activated by distinct task requirements. However, an understanding of how the formation of these modules supports evolving cognitive capabilities has not been delineated. Here, we quantify the formation of network modules in a sample of 780 youth (aged 8-22 y) who were studied as part of the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. We demonstrate that the brain's functional network… Show more

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Cited by 357 publications

(383 citation statements)
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“…These represent, respectively, positive and negative associations between community membership and age, sex, and in‐scanner motion (Figure ). Consistent with the previous literature (Gu et al, ; Satterthwaite et al, ), we found that as age increased, there were more within‐community, rather than between‐community connectivity, that strengthened with age (Figure a). Conversely, as age increased, there were more between‐community, rather than within‐community connectivity, that weakened with age.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 92%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
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“…These represent, respectively, positive and negative associations between community membership and age, sex, and in‐scanner motion (Figure ). Consistent with the previous literature (Gu et al, ; Satterthwaite et al, ), we found that as age increased, there were more within‐community, rather than between‐community connectivity, that strengthened with age (Figure a). Conversely, as age increased, there were more between‐community, rather than within‐community connectivity, that weakened with age.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 92%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
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“…When confining analysis to regions exhibiting significant effects, the findings were confirmed by the cross‐sectional approaches. The findings also agreed with existing adolescent literature, which mostly has reported on cross‐sectional rs‐fMRIs analysis using seed‐based (Fair et al, ; Sherman et al, ) or ROI‐based (Betzel et al, ; Cao et al, ; Gu et al, ) approaches.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 90%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
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“…Consistent with previous literature (20), we identified four major networks: the default-mode network, the central executive network, the sensorimotor network and the visual network (Figure 2, lower panel). There were no significant group differences in the number (Figure 2, top panel), size (Figure 2, second panel from the top) or structure (based on the Z-rand similarity index) (Figure 2, third panel from the top) of the modules at any spatial scale tested (as titrated by the structural resolution parameter), even at uncorrected p <0.05.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 90%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
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