Effectiveness of the 2012/13 Trivalent Live and Inactivated Influenza Vaccines in Children and Adolescents in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany: A Test-Negative Case-Control Study

“…Low values were observed in 2015/16, when the lowest estimate of 35·6% (95% CI: −15·9–64·2) was obtained for 7–17-year-olds. Estimated values for VE are similar compared to the results of other VE studies [13–19].…”

“…One possible explanation might be the type of vaccine (LAIV or IIV) itself. Although studies from Finland and the UK showed a preventive effect of LAIV [17, 19, 26, 27], a relatively low or even a lack of preventive effect of LAIV compared with IIV during 2013–2016 was found elsewhere [28]. CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) therefore voted against the use of LAIV in 2016/17 [28].…”

“…While the existing evidence demonstrates that the introduction of seasonal SIVPs can have substantial health [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][26][27][28] and economic [29,30] benefits for the wider community, this and of 27 previous studies [15,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37] suggest that the successful implementation of such programmes may depend on more qualitative, context-specific aspects. A review of SIVPs in high-income countries identified considerable administrative and logistical challenges to the successful delivery of vaccines in schools, including the choice of organisational and funding models, the logistics of vaccine supply and distribution, issues around staff capacity and workload, and communication with parents and students [35].…”

“…There is substantial evidence of indirect protective benefits to unvaccinated groups from vaccinating school-aged children [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][26][27][28][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]. However, the majority of evidence on the impact and cost-effectiveness of seasonal SIVPs comes from studies in North America and Europe, which have different vaccine financing mechanisms and influenza epidemiology compared to Singapore.…”

“…All of our VE estimates were within the 95% CIs of estimates from most previous studies (Figure 3). 3,[6][7][8][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] None of our estimates were outliers given the substantial variability in previous estimates. We found no evidence indicating a lack of effectiveness of LAIV against A(H1N1)pdm09 in Alberta, which is in contrast to reports from the United States for the 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 influenza seasons.…”